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Identify the assumption made by the author in the following statement: "Emma volunteers at the animal shelter. She must love animals."
Emma volunteers at other places besides the animal shelter.
Loving animals is a requirement for volunteering at an animal shelter.
Only people who love animals volunteer at the animal shelter.
Emma has never volunteered at the animal shelter before.
Among three people - A, B and C - exactly one is a Truth-teller (every statement true), one is a Liar (every statement false), and one is an Alternator (may say anything). A says: 'B is the liar.' B says: 'C is the alternator.' C says: 'A is the truth-teller.' Answer the questions that follow.
Question 1
If we assume A is the truth-teller, what happens?
Everything is consistent
It leads to a contradiction
C becomes the liar
Two alternators appear
Question 2
Who is the truth-teller?
A
B
C
Cannot be determined
Question 3
Who is the liar?
A
B
C
Cannot be determined
Question 4
Who is the alternator?
A
B
C
Cannot be determined
Observe the cartoon below carefully and answer the question that follows.
(Cartoon by Geoffrey Hewer-Candee. Used for educational purposes)
Which of the following options BEST explains the underlying message depicted in the cartoon?
Not every action needs a hidden meaning; sometimes the simplest reason is correct.
Childhood trauma largely determines the habits and choices we make later in life.
Thinking deeply about our behaviour usually reveals truths that are otherwise missed.
Behaviour analysis is valuable because it uncovers the unconscious forces behind desires.
What appears to be instinctive behaviour is often rooted in complex emotional experiences.
Below, two statements, I and II, are given for each question. These statements may be either independent causes or effects of independent causes or a common cause. One of these statements may be the effect of the other statement. Read both statements and decide which of the following answer choices correctly depicts the relationship between these two statements. I: For the last year, Shonda Inc has been firing people at lower levels and hiring freshers as their replacements. II: Shonda Inc. has been losing money for the last two years and has taken a loan to maintain its operations.
Statement I is the cause and statement II is the effect.
Statement II is the cause and statement I is the effect.
Both statements are independent causes.
Both I and II are effects of some independent causes.
What assumption does the author make in this statement: "Jason always arrives early for meetings. He must be very organized."
Jason has never been late for a meeting.
Being organized is the only reason for arriving early.
Jason is always punctual for all appointments.
Only highly organized individuals are always early for meetings.
Among three people - M, N and O - exactly one is a Truth-teller, one is a Liar, and one is an Alternator. Each makes two statements. M: 'N is the truth-teller. O is the liar.' N: 'M is the alternator. O is the truth-teller.' O: 'I am the truth-teller. M is the liar.' Answer the questions that follow.
Question 1
If we assume M is the truth-teller, what happens?
Everything is consistent
It leads to a contradiction (two truth-tellers)
O becomes the alternator
N becomes the liar
Question 2
Who is the truth-teller?
M
N
O
Cannot be determined
Question 3
N's two statements turn out to be one true and one false. What does that tell us?
N must be the alternator
N must be the truth-teller
N must be the liar
N said nothing useful
Question 4
Who is the liar?
M
N
O
Cannot be determined
Three switches X, Y, Z are each ON (true) or OFF (false). Constraints: (i) X XOR Y is true (exactly one of X, Y is ON). (ii) Y OR Z (at least one is ON). (iii) NOT(X AND Z) - X and Z are not both ON. Build the 8-row truth table, keep the valid rows, and answer the questions that follow.
Question 1
How many of the 8 combinations are valid?
Question 2
What is X in every valid scenario?
Definitely ON
Definitely OFF
Possibly ON
Undefined
Question 3
What is Y in every valid scenario?
Definitely ON
Definitely OFF
Possibly ON
Undefined
Question 4
What is the status of Z?
Definitely ON
Definitely OFF
Possibly ON (could be ON or OFF)
Undefined
Five propositions A, B, C, D, E are each true or false. All constraints below must hold: (i) A and B have the same truth value. (ii) B and C have opposite truth values. (iii) C and D have the same truth value. (iv) A and E have opposite truth values. (v) Exactly 3 of A, B, C, D, E are true. Answer the questions that follow.
Question 1
Expressing everything in terms of A, how do B, C, D, E relate to A?
B = A, and C = D = E = NOT A
All five equal A
B = C = A, D = E = NOT A
All five are the opposite of A
Question 2
If A were true, how many of the five would be true?
2
3
4
5
Question 3
In the valid solution, which propositions are true?
A and B
C, D and E
A, C and E
B, D and E
Question 4
In the valid solution, how many of the five propositions are true?
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